Measurement uncertainty
No measurement is perfectly exact. Uncertainty is a numerical estimate of the range within which the true value reasonably lies, the “±” that accompanies every sound measurement. For example, a result of “50.00 mm ± 0.02 mm” means the true value most likely lies between 49.98 and 50.02 mm.
Uncertainty is not a mistake· it is inherent in every measurement and arises from all sources of error combined: the instrument, the method, temperature, the operator, and the workpiece itself. That is what makes it more honest and more useful than a “bare” number· it tells you how far to trust that number.
It is usually stated as an expanded uncertainty, with a coverage factor k (typically k = 2) corresponding to a confidence level of about 95%. So “± 0.02 mm (k = 2)” means that in 95% of cases the true value falls within that range.
The coverage factor k simply “widens” the interval so it covers the true value with greater confidence: k = 1 corresponds to ~68%, k = 2 to ~95% and k = 3 to ~99.7%. So when you compare two certificates, always check the k as well· a “±0.01 mm (k = 1)” and a “±0.02 mm (k = 2)” may describe essentially the same uncertainty.
Do not confuse uncertainty with the instrument’s error limit: the error limit applies to the instrument only, whereas the measurement uncertainty also includes all the other sources.
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